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Observation of hydrodynamic plasmons and energy waves in graphene - Nature
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Thermally excited electrons and holes form a quantum-critical Dirac fluid in ultraclean graphene and their electrodynamic responses are described by a universal hydrodynamic theory. The hydrodynamic Dirac fluid can host intriguing collective excitations distinctively different from those in a Fermi liquid1–4. Here we report the observation of the hydrodynamic plasmon and energy wave in ultraclean graphene.
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